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(Revised 06-29-05)

 

Chapters 8 and 9 - Chemistry Links on the World Wide Web

 

Chapter 8: Chemical Bonds

1.  Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Lewis/Bond01.htm (Florida State University) - Introduces covalent, ionic and metallic bonds.  Introduces and illustrates Lewis Symbols and introduces the Octet Rule.

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Covalent/Bond04.htm  - Defines and illustrates covalent bonding using Lewis symbols (e.g., H2, Cl2, N2, H2O, NH3, CH4);

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Ionic/Bond02.htm - Defines and illustrates ionic bonding using Lewis symbols.  Illustrates how Na+1 and Cl-1 ions are arranged in a regular three-dimensional arrangement (or lattice).  Also discusses “Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation”.

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Strength/Bond09.htm - Discusses and illustrates strengths of covalent bonds (i.e., bond energy and enthalpy of reactions).    

 

2.  Atomic/Molecular Lewis Structures

 

            a.  Single/Double/Triple Bonds

            http://chemsite.lsrhs.net/d_bonding/flashLewis.html - This page provides animations for the formation of molecules such as H2, O2, N2, N2H2, H2O, NH3, CH4.

            http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Drawing/Bond06.htm (Florida State University) - Delineates the drawing of Lewis Structures.

 

            b.  Octet Rule/Exceptions

            http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Except/Bond08.htm - Discusses and illustrates the conditions under which the Octet Rule is not followed.

 

            c.  Ionic Character

 

            d.  Correcting Covalent/Ionic Models

 

http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/121/js/lewis/  - interactive. Gives basic structure and you must click on atoms or bonds to add electron pairs.  Several good molecules for reinforcement of octet rule + lone pairs.

 

            e.  Resonance

            http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Resonan/Bond07.htm (Florida State University) -  Discusses the Lewis Structure of ozone (O3) and the nitrate ion (NO3-1), and illustrates how to account for the possibility of resonance.

 

 

 

 

Chapter 9:  Molecular Structure

1.  VSEPR Model

            http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Geometry/VSEPR/Geom02.htm (Florida State University) - Provides an illustrative discussion on topic of molecular geometry.  Included are sections,

 

2.  Molecules with Lone Pairs on the Central Atom

 

3.  Polarity