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(Revised 06-29-05)

Chapter 7 - Chemistry Links on the World Wide Web

Chapter1: Introduction to the Atom

1. Basic Atomic Structure

http://chemsite.lsrhs.net/chem2_2004/chem2_2004Frameset.html - This page provides an animated introduction to the atom.

http://proton.csudh.edu/lecture_help/protons.html - This page is an interactive quiz-type exercise in relating the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for an atom or mono-atomic ion.

2. Isotopes

http://lrc-srvr.mps.ohio-state.edu/under/chemed/qbank/quiz/bank1.htm (Ohio State University, Undergraduate Chemistry Department). Click on”Subatomic Particles, Atoms and Ions” for an interactive quiz.

http://lrc-srvr.mps.ohio-state.edu/under/chemed/qbank/quiz/bank2.htm (Ohio State University, Undergraduate Chemistry Department). Click on “Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundance” for an interactive quiz involved with calculating an element’s average molar mass.

http://web.visionlearning.com/custom/chemistry/animations/CHE1.3-an-isotopes.shtml - Provides an animation depicting protium and deuterium, two of hydrogen’s three isotopes.

http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/isotopes.html - This page provides a comprehensive chart displaying virtually all the possible isotopes for elements on the Periodic Table. Click on an isotope of any element to get its relative abundance. You may also click on an isotope of an element to view the progression of its radioactive decay to a stable element.

http://www.carlton.paschools.pa.sk.ca/chemical/Molemass/isotopes.htm - Discusses how isotopes of an element are identified.

Chapter 7: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

1. Characteristics of Light

a. Electromagnetic Spectrum

http://chemsite.lsrhs.net/chem2_2004/chem2_2004Frameset.html

http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html - This page provides a very illustrative display of the electromagnetic spectrum.

b. Basis of Continuous Spectrum/Bright-Line Emission Spectra

http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/quantumzone/index.html (The University of Colorado, Boulder) – This link provides a discussion on spectral lines, and includes actual bright-line spectra of common elements. Once on this page, scroll down to the pull-down menu titled “Pick an element from the menu to see its spectral signature”.

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/absorption.html - This page illustrates the difference between continuous, emission, and absorption spectra.

c. Quanta/Photons

http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/quantumzone/bohr.html - Click on the various orbits of the animation to study the manner in which energy is absorbed or released by the electron.

d. Wavelength and Frequency

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/Wave/Struct01.htm - This page provides an illustrative introduction to the wave nature of light. Included is a discussion on the relationship between wavelength (lambda) and frequency (nu).

e. Planck’s Equation

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/Quantum/Struct02.htm (Florida State University) - Explains Planck’s equation (E = hν) and demonstrates the solution of a sample problem.

f. Photoelectric Effect

http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld008.htm

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/Quantum/Struct02.htm (Florida State University) - Discusses the Photoelectric Effect and provides an analogy.

g. Temperature and Color (black body radiation)

http://www.kingsu.ab.ca/~brian/astro/course/lectures/fall/a200l10e.htm (University of Alberta, Canada)- Once on this page, scroll down to the section titled, “The Black Body Spectrum”. Read the first several sentences, then scroll down below the graph and click on, “Run the following applet to see better how temperature affects colour...”. The animated graph allows you to adjust the temperature of a hot object and provides a visualization of the resulting color of the radiation emitted.

2. Quantum Numbers

http://www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/Quantum_Numbers.html (Roanoke Valley Governor's School). Provides a comprehensive explanation of n,l ,ml ,ms.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/quantum.htm#electron%20configuration – Explains n,l ,ml ,ms, in tabular fashion. Also, displays the electron configuration of elements from ₁H to ₃₈Sr. Once on this page, click on Orbitals and the periodic table, for a demonstration how the periodicity in orbital structure appears on the periodic table.

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/QMech/Struct05.htm (Florida State University) - Defines n,l ,ml ,ms.

http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld037.htm + http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld038.htm (North Eastern University) - These two pages discuss the quantum number “ms”.

http://proton.csudh.edu/lecture_help/startqnumberswp.html - This is an interactive quiz-type exercise in using and understanding the quantum numbers.

3. Energy Levels/Atomic Orbitals

http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/quantumzone/bohr2.html - This page introduces the concept of atomic energy levels. The electron in the animation is initially at its “ground state” on the first energy level. Click on a higher energy level to view how energy absorbed by the electron causes it to jump to an “excited state”. Click on a lower energy level and the electron will “fall” to that level as it “emits” a “quantum” of “electromagnetic energy”.

http://chemsite.lsrhs.net – Click on “Current Chemistry Course”, click on “Syllabus”, click on “Atomic Theory”, scroll down to XI: Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR). This page offers an illustrative introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum.

http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld027.htm + http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld028.htm + http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld029.htm + http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld030.htm (North Eastern University) - These four pages discuss and illustrate the p and d atomic orbitals.

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/Orbitals/Struct06.htm (Florida State University) - Discusses and illustrates s, p, and d orbitals.

4. Effective Nuclear Charge/Pauli Exclusion Principle

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/ManyE/Struct07.htm

5. Electron Configuration of Atoms

http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/elements_as_atoms/states.html#spd (The University of Colorado, Boulder) – This page provides a very basic introduction to the organization of electrons into energy level “sublevels” , known as “s”, “p”, “d”, “f”.

http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=sitetools%5Cperiodic_table.html#

(web site of the American Chemical Society) – This page provides an excellent interactive Periodic Table (requires Shockwave Plug-in downloaded): Click on “Access the Periodic Table”. Clicking on any element accesses a comprehensive collection of facts regarding that element. Click on the “Electron Configuration” tab to reveal an orbital schematic depicting the placement of the element’s electrons.

http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/applets/a2.html – This page provides an excellent interactive Periodic Table. By clicking on an element, you are able to view its bright-line spectrum, the composition of its nucleus and electron cloud of electrons, and the s p d configuration of its electrons.

http://ir.chem.cmu.edu/irproject/applets/pertable/Applet.asp (Carnegie Mellon University) - This page provides an interactive Periodic Table. To the right of the table is an orbital schematic. Click on an element

and the orbital schematic to the right illustrates which orbitals are occupied by electrons.

http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld043.htm + http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/chap06/sld044.htm (North Eastern University) - These two pages introduce and illustrate the organization of the Periodic Table in terms of s, p, d, and f “orbital blocks”.

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/EConfig/Struct08.htm (Florida State University)

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/EPeriod/Struct09.htm - Illustrates how the Periodic Table is “blocked” into s, p, d, and f orbital regions. Also includes certain facts to remember.

6. Periodicity of Atomic Properties

a. Atomic/Ionic Radius

http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/periodic_table/periodic_properties.html#size (The University of Colorado, Boulder) – This page briefly discusses relative atomic size as you navigate the periodic table.

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/IonSize/Bond03.htm (Florida State University) - Discusses and illustrates the size of ions (i.e., cations and anions) relative to the neutral parent atom and to other ions in the same Family. Discusses how nuclear charge affects ion size.

b. Electronegativity

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Bonding/Polarity/Bond05.htm (Florida State University) - Discusses Bond Polarity and Electronegativity. Includes an illustrative Periodic Table where electronegativity trends are discussed. Includes “A general rule of thumb for predicting the type of bond based upon electronegativity differences”. Also, explains how the difference in electronegativity between two atoms can be used to gauge the polarity of the bonding between them.

c. Ionization Energy

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Periodic/Ionize/Period04.htm (Florida State University)

d. Electron Affinity

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Periodic/Affinity/Period05.htm (Florida State University)